Brexit has significantly altered the legal and practical framework for UK citizens living, working, or doing business in Poland. As of January 1, 2021, the United Kingdom officially became a third country in relation to the European Union. This means that British citizens no longer enjoy the automatic rights of free movement, work, and residence that were previously guaranteed under EU membership. Understanding these changes is crucial for anyone planning to engage with Poland, whether for personal or professional reasons.

Key Changes Post-Brexit

• Loss of Free Movement: UK citizens must now navigate Poland’s national immigration policies and adhere to specific visa and permit requirements for longer stays.

• Customs and Trade Regulations: Businesses face new barriers, including customs declarations, tariffs, and compliance with EU product standards.

• Access to Social Benefits: UK nationals may no longer automatically qualify for certain social benefits, healthcare, or public services in Poland without meeting specific residency criteria.

• Recognition of Qualifications: Professional qualifications obtained in the UK may not be automatically recognized in Poland and could require validation.

Opportunities for UK Citizens in Poland

Despite the challenges introduced by Brexit, Poland remains an attractive destination for UK nationals. The country’s strong economic performance, strategic location, and cost-effectiveness make it a viable option for businesses and individuals alike. Key benefits include:

1. Affordable Living Costs: Poland offers a relatively low cost of living compared to Western Europe, making it an appealing option for expats and retirees.

2. Growing Economy: As one of the fastest-growing economies in the EU, Poland boasts opportunities in industries such as technology, manufacturing, and renewable energy.

3. Welcoming Environment: The Polish government has introduced initiatives to attract foreign investors and skilled workers.

4. Cultural Richness: Poland’s rich history, vibrant cities, and strong sense of tradition provide an enriching lifestyle for expats.

Navigating the Transition

For those affected by Brexit, it is essential to stay informed about evolving regulations. UK citizens should:

• Regularly check updates from official sources like the British Embassy in Poland.

• Seek legal advice on residency, work, and property rights.

• Network with other expats and professionals to share insights and solutions.

2. Do You Need a Visa to Live or Work in Poland After Brexit?

With the end of free movement, UK citizens must now follow specific visa and residency rules to live, work, or study in Poland. The requirements depend on the purpose and duration of your stay, making it important to understand the available options and processes.

Short-Term Visits (Up to 90 Days)

For short stays, UK citizens can travel to Poland visa-free under the Schengen Area’s rules, but there are limitations:

• Tourist Visits: UK citizens may stay in Poland for up to 90 days within any 180-day period without requiring a visa. This applies to tourism, family visits, and short business trips.

• Business Trips: Activities like attending conferences, negotiating contracts, or meeting clients are allowed, provided the stay does not exceed 90 days.

Important Note: Ensure you track your days carefully, as overstaying can lead to penalties, fines, or future entry bans.

Long-Term Stays (Over 90 Days)

For stays longer than 90 days, a visa or residence permit is mandatory. The type of visa depends on the purpose of your stay:

1. Work Visa: If you plan to work for a Polish employer, you will need:

   • A job offer from a Polish company.

   • Your employer to obtain a work permit on your behalf.

   • Proof of qualifications or experience for the role.

2. Temporary Residence Permit: This is required for longer stays, such as:

   • Employment or self-employment.

   • Joining a family member who is a Polish resident.

   • Studying at a Polish university.

3. Permanent Residence Permit: Available after several years of continuous legal stay in Poland, typically for those with long-term employment or family ties.

4. Self-Employment: Entrepreneurs must register their business with Polish authorities and apply for a temporary residence permit linked to their business activities.

Application Process

• Step 1: Identify the appropriate visa type based on your purpose (work, study, family reunion).

• Step 2: Gather required documents, such as:

  • Passport (valid for at least six months beyond your planned stay).

  • Completed visa application forms.

  • Proof of health insurance covering at least €30,000.

  • Financial evidence to support yourself during your stay.

  • Employment contracts, acceptance letters, or other purpose-specific documentation.

• Step 3: Submit your application to the Polish consulate in the UK or the Voivodeship Office in Poland.

• Step 4: Await processing, which may take several weeks. Plan your travel dates accordingly.

Tips for Success

• Start your application early to avoid delays.

• Double-check all forms and supporting documents for accuracy.

• Seek assistance from immigration lawyers if unsure about your eligibility or requirements.

3. How to Start a Business in Poland as a UK Citizen

Poland’s growing economy and investor-friendly policies make it an attractive destination for UK entrepreneurs. While Brexit has introduced additional administrative hurdles, starting a business in Poland remains a viable and rewarding option for British nationals willing to navigate the process.

Why Start a Business in Poland?

1. Economic Growth: Poland’s economy has demonstrated resilience and rapid development, particularly in technology, manufacturing, and e-commerce.

2. Skilled Workforce: With a high percentage of young professionals fluent in English and well-educated in technical fields, Poland offers access to a competitive labor market.

3. EU Market Access: Establishing a business in Poland provides a gateway to the broader EU market.

4. Government Incentives: Entrepreneurs can benefit from tax incentives, grants, and reduced bureaucracy in special economic zones (SEZs).

Steps to Start a Business

1. Choose Your Legal Structure:

   • Sole Proprietorship: A straightforward option for individuals; registration is quick and inexpensive.

   • Limited Liability Company (Sp. z o.o.): A popular choice for foreign investors, offering limited personal liability and flexibility in ownership.

   • Branch or Representative Office: Allows an existing UK company to operate in Poland without establishing a separate legal entity.

2. Register Your Business:

   • Obtain a PESEL (Polish identification number) if required.

   • Register with the National Court Register (KRS) or CEIDG (for sole proprietorships).

   • Obtain a REGON (statistical number) and NIP (tax identification number).

   • Open a business bank account in Poland.

3. Understand Tax Obligations:

   • Corporate Income Tax (CIT): Standard rate is 19%, with a reduced 9% rate for small businesses.

   • VAT: Registration is mandatory if your turnover exceeds PLN 200,000 annually.

   • Maintain accurate accounting records in compliance with Polish regulations.

4. Leverage Incentives:

   • Explore grants, tax exemptions, and reduced rents in SEZs.

   • Research EU-funded programs that support startups and small businesses.

Overcoming Challenges

Starting a business in a foreign country can be complex, but careful planning and expert advice can help:

• Language Barriers: Consider hiring bilingual consultants or using translation services.

• Regulatory Complexity: Work with local lawyers and accountants familiar with Polish business laws.

• Cultural Adaptation: Build relationships with local partners and adapt to Polish business practices, such as formal communication and punctuality.

Key Resources

• British-Polish Chamber of Commerce: Offers support and networking opportunities for UK businesses.

• Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH): Provides information on investment opportunities and legal frameworks.

• Local Voivodeship Offices: Essential for visa and permit applications.

Starting a business in Poland can be a rewarding venture with the right preparation and resources. By understanding the process and seeking professional support when needed, UK entrepreneurs can successfully navigate the post-Brexit landscape.